前言
安装准备
初始项目
Cargo.toml
初始web项目
游戏规则
游戏设计
Rust实现
测试
调试
前言之前学了几遍,后来忘记了,通过制作该游戏再复习复习。
安装准备wasm-pack : https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-pack/installer/
cargo-generate:
cargo install cargo-generate
初始项目
初始rust项目
使用wasm的项目模板:
cargo generate --git https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack-template
提示输入project名wasm-game-of-life
在lib.rs中可以看见如下内容:
mod utils;
use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
// When the `wee_alloc` feature is enabled, use `wee_alloc` as the global
// allocator.
#[cfg(feature = "wee_alloc")]
#[global_allocator]
static ALLOC: wee_alloc::WeeAlloc = wee_alloc::WeeAlloc::INIT;
#[wasm_bindgen]
extern {
fn alert(s: &str);
}
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn greet() {
alert("Hello, wasm-game-of-life!");
}
它导入 window.alertJavaScript 函数,并导出greet的Rust 函数。
Cargo.tomlCargo.toml预置了[lib]和[dependencies]。解释一下crate-type中f=“https://users.rust-lang.org/t/what-is-the-difference-between-dylib-and-cdylib/28847”>cdylib和rlib的作用:
cdylib:顾名思义,是C的动态链接库的意思,可以被C和C++程序链接使用
rlib:Rust静态链接库,用于静态连接其他crates
依赖中使用的:
wasm-bindgen可以将Rust编写的函数和结构体暴露到JS中或者把JS的方法引入到Rust中使用
console_error_panic_hook提供了Wasm输出Rust Panic的能力
wee_alloc是一个轻量的Wasm内存分配器,但是会比默认分配器慢一些。
初始web项目npm init wasm-app www
看到生成的pkg.json:
{
"name": "create-wasm-app",
"version": "0.1.0",
"description": "create an app to consume rust-generated wasm packages",
"main": "index.js",
"bin": {
"create-wasm-app": ".bin/create-wasm-app.js"
},
"scripts": {
"build": "webpack --config webpack.config.js",
"start": "webpack-dev-server"
},
html里导入boostrap.js,boostrap.js里导入index.js。 index.js里面导入了其已经制作好的一个包:
import * as wasm from "hello-wasm-pack";
wasm.greet();
我们修改pkg.json,导入自己的包(该包需要使用wasm-pack build
生成)
"wasm-game-of-life": "file:../pkg"
将index.js更换下:
import * as wasm from "wasm-game-of-life";
wasm.greet();
使用npm i 安装依赖。
使用npm run start 启动页面,打开http://localhost:8080/即可看见alert。
游戏规则Conway’s Game of Life是英国数学家约翰·何顿·康威在1970年发明的放置类无玩家参与的游戏
百度百科
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%BA%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F/22668799?fr=aladdin主要规则如下:
1、任何少于两个活邻居的活细胞都会死亡,就像是由于人口不足造成的。
2、任何有两三个活邻居的活细胞都可以活到下一代。
3、任何有超过三个活邻居的活细胞都会死亡,就像人口过剩一样。
4、任何只有三个活邻居的死细胞都会变成活细胞,就像通过繁殖一样。
游戏设计为啥说这个呢,因为2种语言去做这个东西会考虑哪个东西在哪个里面去实现。
rust推荐大型、长寿命的数据结构被实现为 Rust 类型,这些类型存在于 WebAssembly 线性内存中,并作为不透明的句柄暴露给 JavaScript。JavaScript 调用导出的 WebAssembly 函数,这些函数采用这些不透明的句柄、转换它们的数据、执行繁重的计算、查询数据并最终返回一个可复制的结果。通过只返回计算结果,我们避免了在 JavaScript 垃圾收集堆和 WebAssembly 线性内存之间来回复制和/或序列化所有内容。
这个游戏中,会将universe的显示效果暴露给js渲染,其余计算在rust去实现。
由于宇宙是n*n的,所以我们可以用一维数组去表示它,比如4x4的宇宙就是这样:
将数组每个row换下来就是需要的4x4的显示了。因为这种表现形式,所以我们需要对数组索引和行列进行转换,公式为:
index(row, column, universe) = row * width(universe) + column
就比如我要知道4行4列是索引几,根据公式就是3*4 + 3。
每个单元格有一个字节,其中0表示死亡,1表示存活。
Rust实现首先我们需要定义每个单元格:
#[wasm_bindgen]
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Cell {
Dead = 0,
Alive = 1,
}
枚举类型,0是死亡,1是存活,#[repr(u8)]
表示一个单元格1字节。复习下:
8-bit | i8 | u8 |
16-bit | i16 | u16 |
32-bit | i32 | u32 |
64-bit | i64 | u64 |
128-bit | i128 | u128 |
arch | isize | usize |
接下来定义宇宙:
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub struct Universe {
width: u32,
height: u32,
cells: Vec<Cell>,
}
宇宙是长宽和一个动态数组。
我们对universe实现一些方法便于操作:
#[wasm_bindgen]
impl Universe {
fn get_index(&self, row: u32, column: u32) -> usize {
(row * self.width + column) as usize
}
}
get_index就是上面公式做索引。
从前面游戏规则上可知,我们需要对每个单元格求出周围格子的存活数量,于是加上这个函数:
fn live_neighbor_count(&self, row: u32, column: u32) -> u8 {
let mut count = 0;
for delta_row in [self.height - 1, 0, 1].iter().cloned() {
for delta_col in [self.width - 1, 0, 1].iter().cloned() {
if delta_row == 0 && delta_col == 0 {
continue;
}
let neighbor_row = (row + delta_row) % self.height;
let neighbor_col = (column + delta_col) % self.width;
println!("{},{}-s-", neighbor_row, neighbor_col);
let idx = self.get_index(neighbor_row, neighbor_col);
count += self.cells[idx] as u8;
}
}
count
}
解释下这个函数,其中迭代height-1 , 0 , 1 以及 width-1,0,1就是求传入row与col的周围的格子里存活数量。当迭代到0,0时,这个格子代表其自身,所以直接忽略。
比如64x64的宇宙,查询2,2周围的格子就是:
1,1
1,2
1,3
2,1
2,3
3,1
3,2
3,3
边界处理靠取余,这样也能避免无符号向下溢出,所以0,0的周围格子就是:
63,63
63,0-
63,1
0,63
0,1
1,63
1,0
1,1
再从当前宇宙中获取格子的状态,如果是0,那么加上也不会增加,这样最终返回的就是周围格子的存活数量了。
下面根据规则迭代每个细胞状态,暴露出来:
pub fn tick(&mut self) {
let mut next = self.cells.clone();
for row in 0..self.height {
for col in 0..self.width {
let idx = self.get_index(row, col);
let cell = self.cells[idx];
let live_neighbors = self.live_neighbor_count(row, col);
let next_cell = match (cell, live_neighbors) {
// Rule 1: Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours
// dies, as if caused by underpopulation.
(Cell::Alive, x) if x < 2 => Cell::Dead,
// Rule 2: Any live cell with two or three live neighbours
// lives on to the next generation.
(Cell::Alive, 2) | (Cell::Alive, 3) => Cell::Alive,
// Rule 3: Any live cell with more than three live
// neighbours dies, as if by overpopulation.
(Cell::Alive, x) if x > 3 => Cell::Dead,
// Rule 4: Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours
// becomes a live cell, as if by reproduction.
(Cell::Dead, 3) => Cell::Alive,
// All other cells remain in the same state.
(otherwise, _) => otherwise,
};
next[idx] = next_cell;
}
}
self.cells = next;
}
最后需要对universe实现输出功能,先将其输出成文本,实现display方法:
impl fmt::Display for Universe {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
for line in self.cells.as_slice().chunks(self.width as usize) {
for &cell in line {
let symbol = if cell == Cell::Dead { '◻' } else { '◼' };
write!(f, "{}", symbol)?;
}
write!(f, "\n")?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
最后进行暴露初始化和渲染方法:
pub fn new() -> Universe {
let width = 64;
let height = 64;
let cells = (0..width * height)
.map(|i| {
if i % 2 == 0 || i % 7 == 0 {
Cell::Alive
} else {
Cell::Dead
}
})
.collect();
Universe {
width,
height,
cells,
}
}
pub fn render(&self) -> String {
self.to_string()
}
使用wasm-pack build打包
使用js渲染,修改html加入标签:
<pre id="game-of-life-canvas"></pre>
index.js加入下面代码:
import { Universe } from "wasm-game-of-life";
const pre = document.getElementById("game-of-life-canvas");
const universe = Universe.new();
const renderLoop = () => {
pre.textContent = universe.render();
universe.tick();
requestAnimationFrame(renderLoop);
};
renderLoop();
即可看见效果。
下面使用canvas进行渲染,将universe中暴露其属性:
pub fn width(&self) -> u32 {
self.width
}
pub fn height(&self) -> u32 {
self.height
}
pub fn cells(&self) -> *const Cell {
self.cells.as_ptr()
}
html中替换为canvas:
<canvas id="game-of-life-canvas"></canvas>
修改js:
import { Universe, Cell } from "wasm-game-of-life";
import { memory } from "wasm-game-of-life/wasm_game_of_life_bg";
const CELL_SIZE = 5; // px
const GRID_COLOR = "#CCCCCC";
const DEAD_COLOR = "#FFFFFF";
const ALIVE_COLOR = "#000000";
const universe = Universe.new();
const width = universe.width();
const height = universe.height();
// Give the canvas room for all of our cells and a 1px border
// around each of them.
const canvas = document.getElementById("game-of-life-canvas");
canvas.height = (CELL_SIZE + 1) * height + 1;
canvas.width = (CELL_SIZE + 1) * width + 1;
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
const drawGrid = () => {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.strokeStyle = GRID_COLOR;
// Vertical lines.
for (let i = 0; i <= width; i++) {
ctx.moveTo(i * (CELL_SIZE + 1) + 1, 0);
ctx.lineTo(i * (CELL_SIZE + 1) + 1, (CELL_SIZE + 1) * height + 1);
}
// Horizontal lines.
for (let j = 0; j <= height; j++) {
ctx.moveTo(0, j * (CELL_SIZE + 1) + 1);
ctx.lineTo((CELL_SIZE + 1) * width + 1, j * (CELL_SIZE + 1) + 1);
}
ctx.stroke();
};
const getIndex = (row, column) => {
return row * width + column;
};
const drawCells = () => {
const cellsPtr = universe.cells();
const cells = new Uint8Array(memory.buffer, cellsPtr, width * height);
ctx.beginPath();
for (let row = 0; row < height; row++) {
for (let col = 0; col < width; col++) {
const idx = getIndex(row, col);
ctx.fillStyle = cells[idx] === Cell.Dead ? DEAD_COLOR : ALIVE_COLOR;
ctx.fillRect(
col * (CELL_SIZE + 1) + 1,
row * (CELL_SIZE + 1) + 1,
CELL_SIZE,
CELL_SIZE
);
}
}
ctx.stroke();
};
const renderLoop = () => {
universe.tick();
drawGrid();
drawCells();
requestAnimationFrame(renderLoop);
};
renderLoop();
即可看见效果:
测试一般代码需要写单元测试,看一下rust的测试怎么写。
首先,对Universe增加2个实现,可以将元组转换为universe的cell:
impl Universe {
/// Get the dead and alive values of the entire universe.
pub fn get_cells(&self) -> &[Cell] {
&self.cells
}
/// Set cells to be alive in a universe by passing the row and column
/// of each cell as an array.
pub fn set_cells(&mut self, cells: &[(u32, u32)]) {
for (row, col) in cells.iter().cloned() {
let idx = self.get_index(row, col);
self.cells[idx] = Cell::Alive;
}
}
}
新增重置的方法:
/// Set the width of the universe.
///
/// Resets all cells to the dead state.
pub fn set_width(&mut self, width: u32) {
self.width = width;
self.cells = (0..width * self.height).map(|_i| Cell::Dead).collect();
}
/// Set the height of the universe.
///
/// Resets all cells to the dead state.
pub fn set_height(&mut self, height: u32) {
self.height = height;
self.cells = (0..self.width * height).map(|_i| Cell::Dead).collect();
}
下面编写测试,测试在tests文件夹下的web.rs中。
增加以下代码:
#![cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
extern crate wasm_bindgen_test;
use std::assert_eq;
use wasm_bindgen_test::*;
extern crate wasm_game_of_life;
use wasm_game_of_life::Universe;
wasm_bindgen_test_configure!(run_in_browser);
#[cfg(test)]
pub fn input_spaceship() -> Universe {
let mut universe = Universe::new();
universe.set_width(6);
universe.set_height(6);
universe.set_cells(&[(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)]);
universe
}
#[cfg(test)]
pub fn expected_spaceship() -> Universe {
let mut universe = Universe::new();
universe.set_width(6);
universe.set_height(6);
universe.set_cells(&[(2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3), (4, 2)]);
universe
}
#[wasm_bindgen_test]
pub fn test_tick() {
// Let's create a smaller Universe with a small spaceship to test!
let mut input_universe = input_spaceship();
// This is what our spaceship should look like
// after one tick in our universe.
let expected_universe = expected_spaceship();
// Call `tick` and then see if the cells in the `Universe`s are the same.
input_universe.tick();
assert_eq!(&input_universe.get_cells(), &expected_universe.get_cells());
}
然后使用wasm-pack test --firefox --headless
即可运行测试结果。如果安装浏览器失败,可以使用谷歌,或者去掉无头属性,直接网页上看测试结果。
我们知道,web上使用console.log去输出调试内容,rust的代码如何在web中调试呢?
这里需要安装下web-sys
[dependencies.web-sys]
version = "0.3"
features = [
"console",
]
导入外部websys,制作自定义宏:
extern crate web_sys;
// A macro to provide `println!(..)`-style syntax for `console.log` logging.
macro_rules! log {
( $( $t:tt )* ) => {
web_sys::console::log_1(&format!( $( $t )* ).into());
}
}
format宏与其他几个输出区别在于其使用write,不输出到标准输出中:
format!: write formatted text to String
print!: same as format! but the text is printed to the console (io::stdout).
println!: same as print! but a newline is appended.
eprint!: same as format! but the text is printed to the standard error (io::stderr).
eprintln!: same as eprint!but a newline is appended.
然后就可以在需要的地方console了,比如neighbours那:
let live_neighbors = self.live_neighbor_count(row, col);
log!(
"cell[{}, {}] is initially {:?} and has {} live neighbors",
row,
col,
cell,
live_neighbors
);
let next_cell = match (cell, live_neighbors) {
// Rule 1: Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours
// dies, as if caused by underpopulation.
(Cell::Alive, x) if x < 2 => Cell::Dead,
// Rule 2: Any live cell with two or three live neighbours
// lives on to the next generation.
(Cell::Alive, 2) | (Cell::Alive, 3) => Cell::Alive,
// Rule 3: Any live cell with more than three live
// neighbours dies, as if by overpopulation.
(Cell::Alive, x) if x > 3 => Cell::Dead,
// Rule 4: Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours
// becomes a live cell, as if by reproduction.
(Cell::Dead, 3) => Cell::Alive,
// All other cells remain in the same state.
(otherwise, _) => otherwise,
};
log!(" it becomes {:?}", next_cell);
next[idx] = next_cell;
打开web,即可看见console的内容。
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