一、服务器的代码实现与讲解
二、环境设置
reactor实现的原理请参考：
https://www.jb51.net/article/253794.htm
本次百万并发的代码实现也是基于上面代码进行更改而来
并发量和承载的概念
并发量：一个服务器能同时承载客户端的数量
承载：客户端发送给服务器的请求(http或tcp等)在200ms内可以返回正确的结果
结构体代码主要构建的结构如图所示
链表结构，每个eventblock结点，包括一个ntyevent数组，数组中存储fd
/*结构体定义链表数组*/
struct ntyevent {
int fd;//要监听的文件描述符
int events;//对应的监听事件，EPOLLIN和EPOLLOUT（不同的事件，走不同的回调函数）
void *arg;//指向自己结构体指针
int (*callback)(int fd, int events, void *arg);
int status;//是否在监听：1->在红黑树上（监听），0->不在（不监听）
char buffer[BUFFER_LENGTH];
int length;
long last_active;
};
struct eventblock {
struct eventblock *next;
struct ntyevent *events;//数组
};
struct ntyreactor {
//句柄
int epfd;
//结点个数
int blkcnt;
struct eventblock *evblk; //fd --> 100w
};
初始化fd 上树、下树代码
//nty_event_set(event, sockfd, acceptor, reactor);
//初始化sockfd
void nty_event_set(struct ntyevent *ev, int fd, NCALLBACK callback, void *arg) {
ev->fd = fd;
ev->callback = callback;
ev->events = 0;
ev->arg = arg;
ev->last_active = time(NULL);
return ;
}
//nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
//对监听的epoll红黑树上的结点的修改
int nty_event_add(int epfd, int events, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ep_ev.events = ev->events = events;
int op;
if (ev->status == 1) {
op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
} else {
op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
ev->status = 1;
}
if (epoll_ctl(epfd, op, ev->fd, &ep_ev) < 0) {
printf("event add failed [fd=%d], events[%d]\n", ev->fd, events);
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int nty_event_del(int epfd, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
if (ev->status != 1) {
return -1;
}
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ev->status = 0;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ev->fd, &ep_ev);
return 0;
}
回调函数代码的书写
注意看recv_cb的回调函数中，recv之后，立马下树，然后又重新初始化fd，上树。这样做的目的是因为代码逻辑是recv收到数据后，立即原样send,所以需要对fd的属性进行更改，需要重新初始化赋值，然后上树
int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
int len = recv(fd, ev->buffer, BUFFER_LENGTH , 0); //
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
if (len > 0) {
ev->length = len;
ev->buffer[len] = '\0';
printf("C[%d]:%s\n", fd, ev->buffer);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, send_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLOUT, ev);
} else if (len == 0) {
close(ev->fd);
//printf("[fd=%d] pos[%ld], closed\n", fd, ev-reactor->events);
} else {
close(ev->fd);
printf("recv[fd=%d] error[%d]:%s\n", fd, errno, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
int len = send(fd, ev->buffer, ev->length, 0);
if (len > 0) {
printf("send[fd=%d], [%d]%s\n", fd, len, ev->buffer);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, ev);
} else {
close(ev->fd);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
printf("send[fd=%d] error %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int accept_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
socklen_t len = sizeof(client_addr);
int clientfd;
if ((clientfd = accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &len)) == -1) {
if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
}
printf("accept: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
int flag = 0;
if ((flag = fcntl(clientfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK)) < 0) {
printf("%s: fcntl nonblocking failed, %d\n", __func__, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS);
return -1;
}
/*存储*/
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, clientfd);
nty_event_set(event, clientfd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
printf("new connect [%s:%d], pos[%d]\n",
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port), clientfd);
return 0;
}
链表的初始化与销毁
//初始化链表
int ntyreactor_init(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
memset(reactor, 0, sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
reactor->epfd = epoll_create(1);
if (reactor->epfd <= 0) {
printf("create epfd in %s err %s\n", __func__, strerror(errno));
return -2;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
reactor->evblk = block;
reactor->blkcnt = 1;
return 0;
}
找到fd应在链表数组中存储的位置并返回
//新增块数(eventblock结点个数)
//ntyreactor_alloc(reactor);
int ntyreactor_alloc(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while (blk->next != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
blk->next = block;
reactor->blkcnt ++; //
return 0;
}
//struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, sockfd);
struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd) {
int blkidx = sockfd / MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS;
//如果块数(eventblock结点个数)不能满足新的sockfd的存放
while (blkidx >= reactor->blkcnt) {
//新增块数(eventblock结点个数)
ntyreactor_alloc(reactor);
}
//找到存放sockfd的块(eventblock对应的结点)
int i = 0;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while(i ++ < blkidx && blk != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
//返回对应块(eventblock对应的结点)的存放sockfd数组的那个具体位置
return &blk->events[sockfd % MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS];
}
上树，并初始化链表数组上对应的fd
//ntyreactor_addlistener(reactor, sockfds[i], accept_cb);
//上树，并初始化链表数组上对应的fd
int ntyreactor_addlistener(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd, NCALLBACK *acceptor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
//reactor->evblk->events[sockfd];
//找到sock所在的具体位置
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, sockfd);
初始化sockfd
nty_event_set(event, sockfd, acceptor, reactor);
//对监听的epoll红黑树上的结点的修改
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
return 0;
}
epollwait
//ntyreactor_run(reactor);
int ntyreactor_run(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->epfd < 0) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS+1];
int checkpos = 0, i;
while (1) {
/*
long now = time(NULL);
for (i = 0;i < 100;i ++, checkpos ++) {
if (checkpos == MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) {
checkpos = 0;
}
if (reactor->events[checkpos].status != 1) {
continue;
}
long duration = now - reactor->events[checkpos].last_active;
if (duration >= 60) {
close(reactor->events[checkpos].fd);
printf("[fd=%d] timeout\n", reactor->events[checkpos].fd);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, &reactor->events[checkpos]);
}
}
*/
int nready = epoll_wait(reactor->epfd, events, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS, 1000);
if (nready < 0) {
printf("epoll_wait error, exit\n");
continue;
}
for (i = 0;i < nready;i ++) {
struct ntyevent *ev = (struct ntyevent*)events[i].data.ptr;
//看fd连接是否发生变化
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLIN) && (ev->events & EPOLLIN)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLOUT) && (ev->events & EPOLLOUT)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
}
}
}
main函数；此服务器代码开设了100个监听的端口，目的是因为客户端测试程序也是运行在虚拟机的Ubuntu上，通过开三台来充当客户端来进行测试。有因为一台Ubuntu最多有6w个端口，3台有18w端口。如果服务器只开设一个监听端口，则最多有18w端口。因此要达到100w并发则应多开设端口
// 3, 6w, 1, 100 ==
// <remoteip, remoteport, localip, localport>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
unsigned short port = SERVER_PORT; // listen 8888
if (argc == 2) {
port = atoi(argv[1]);//把参数 str 所指向的字符串转换为一个整数（类型为 int 型）
}
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)malloc(sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
/*初始化三个结构体，建立链表*/
ntyreactor_init(reactor);
int i = 0;
int sockfds[PORT_COUNT] = {0};
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
//端口号的监听
sockfds[i] = init_sock(port+i);
//上树
ntyreactor_addlistener(reactor, sockfds[i], accept_cb);
}
// epoll_wait
ntyreactor_run(reactor);
//
ntyreactor_destory(reactor);
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
close(sockfds[i]);
}
free(reactor);
return 0;
}
完整服务器代码展示
/*链表存储数组，把epoll变成对事件的管理,用链表数组的目的就是为了回调函数*/
/*recv写法：代码逻辑是收到数据后，立即原样返回所以才那样写*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#define BUFFER_LENGTH4096
#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS1024
#define SERVER_PORT8888
#define PORT_COUNT100
typedef int NCALLBACK(int ,int, void*);
//struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct ntyevent {
int fd;//要监听的文件描述符
int events;//对应的监听事件，EPOLLIN和EPOLLOUT（不同的事件，走不同的回调函数）
void *arg;//指向自己结构体指针
int (*callback)(int fd, int events, void *arg);
int status;//是否在监听：1->在红黑树上（监听），0->不在（不监听）
char buffer[BUFFER_LENGTH];
int length;
long last_active;
};
struct eventblock {
struct eventblock *next;
struct ntyevent *events;//数组
};
struct ntyreactor {
//句柄
int epfd;
//结点个数
int blkcnt;
struct eventblock *evblk; //fd --> 100w
};
int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg);
int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg);
struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd);
//nty_event_set(event, sockfd, acceptor, reactor);
//初始化sockfd
void nty_event_set(struct ntyevent *ev, int fd, NCALLBACK callback, void *arg) {
ev->fd = fd;
ev->callback = callback;
ev->events = 0;
ev->arg = arg;
ev->last_active = time(NULL);
return ;
}
//nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
//对监听的epoll红黑树上的结点的修改
int nty_event_add(int epfd, int events, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ep_ev.events = ev->events = events;
int op;
if (ev->status == 1) {
op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
} else {
op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
ev->status = 1;
}
if (epoll_ctl(epfd, op, ev->fd, &ep_ev) < 0) {
printf("event add failed [fd=%d], events[%d]\n", ev->fd, events);
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int nty_event_del(int epfd, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
if (ev->status != 1) {
return -1;
}
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ev->status = 0;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ev->fd, &ep_ev);
return 0;
}
int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
int len = recv(fd, ev->buffer, BUFFER_LENGTH , 0); //
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
if (len > 0) {
ev->length = len;
ev->buffer[len] = '\0';
printf("C[%d]:%s\n", fd, ev->buffer);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, send_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLOUT, ev);
} else if (len == 0) {
close(ev->fd);
//printf("[fd=%d] pos[%ld], closed\n", fd, ev-reactor->events);
} else {
close(ev->fd);
printf("recv[fd=%d] error[%d]:%s\n", fd, errno, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
int len = send(fd, ev->buffer, ev->length, 0);
if (len > 0) {
printf("send[fd=%d], [%d]%s\n", fd, len, ev->buffer);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, ev);
} else {
close(ev->fd);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
printf("send[fd=%d] error %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int accept_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
socklen_t len = sizeof(client_addr);
int clientfd;
if ((clientfd = accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &len)) == -1) {
if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
}
printf("accept: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
int flag = 0;
if ((flag = fcntl(clientfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK)) < 0) {
printf("%s: fcntl nonblocking failed, %d\n", __func__, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS);
return -1;
}
/*存储*/
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, clientfd);
nty_event_set(event, clientfd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
printf("new connect [%s:%d], pos[%d]\n",
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port), clientfd);
return 0;
}
int init_sock(short port) {
int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
server_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
bind(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
if (listen(fd, 20) < 0) {
printf("listen failed : %s\n", strerror(errno));
}
return fd;
}
//新增块数(eventblock结点个数)
//ntyreactor_alloc(reactor);
int ntyreactor_alloc(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while (blk->next != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
blk->next = block;
reactor->blkcnt ++; //
return 0;
}
//struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, sockfd);
struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd) {
int blkidx = sockfd / MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS;
//如果块数(eventblock结点个数)不能满足新的sockfd的存放
while (blkidx >= reactor->blkcnt) {
//新增块数(eventblock结点个数)
ntyreactor_alloc(reactor);
}
//找到存放sockfd的块(eventblock对应的结点)
int i = 0;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while(i ++ < blkidx && blk != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
//返回对应块(eventblock对应的结点)的存放sockfd数组的那个具体位置
return &blk->events[sockfd % MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS];
}
//初始化链表
int ntyreactor_init(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
memset(reactor, 0, sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
reactor->epfd = epoll_create(1);
if (reactor->epfd <= 0) {
printf("create epfd in %s err %s\n", __func__, strerror(errno));
return -2;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
reactor->evblk = block;
reactor->blkcnt = 1;
return 0;
}
int ntyreactor_destory(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
close(reactor->epfd);
//free(reactor->events);
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
struct eventblock *blk_next = NULL;
while (blk != NULL) {
blk_next = blk->next;
free(blk->events);
free(blk);
blk = blk_next;
}
return 0;
}
//ntyreactor_addlistener(reactor, sockfds[i], accept_cb);
//上树，并初始化链表数组上对应的fd
int ntyreactor_addlistener(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd, NCALLBACK *acceptor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
//reactor->evblk->events[sockfd];
//找到sock所在的具体位置
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, sockfd);
初始化sockfd
nty_event_set(event, sockfd, acceptor, reactor);
//对监听的epoll红黑树上的结点的修改
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
return 0;
}
//ntyreactor_run(reactor);
int ntyreactor_run(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->epfd < 0) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS+1];
int checkpos = 0, i;
while (1) {
/*
long now = time(NULL);
for (i = 0;i < 100;i ++, checkpos ++) {
if (checkpos == MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) {
checkpos = 0;
}
if (reactor->events[checkpos].status != 1) {
continue;
}
long duration = now - reactor->events[checkpos].last_active;
if (duration >= 60) {
close(reactor->events[checkpos].fd);
printf("[fd=%d] timeout\n", reactor->events[checkpos].fd);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, &reactor->events[checkpos]);
}
}
*/
int nready = epoll_wait(reactor->epfd, events, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS, 1000);
if (nready < 0) {
printf("epoll_wait error, exit\n");
continue;
}
for (i = 0;i < nready;i ++) {
struct ntyevent *ev = (struct ntyevent*)events[i].data.ptr;
//看fd连接是否发生变化
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLIN) && (ev->events & EPOLLIN)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLOUT) && (ev->events & EPOLLOUT)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
}
}
}
// 3, 6w, 1, 100 ==
// <remoteip, remoteport, localip, localport>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
unsigned short port = SERVER_PORT; // listen 8888
if (argc == 2) {
port = atoi(argv[1]);//把参数 str 所指向的字符串转换为一个整数（类型为 int 型）
}
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)malloc(sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
/*初始化三个结构体，建立链表*/
ntyreactor_init(reactor);
int i = 0;
int sockfds[PORT_COUNT] = {0};
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
//端口号的监听
sockfds[i] = init_sock(port+i);
//上树
ntyreactor_addlistener(reactor, sockfds[i], accept_cb);
}
// epoll_wait
ntyreactor_run(reactor);
//
ntyreactor_destory(reactor);
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
close(sockfds[i]);
}
free(reactor);
return 0;
}
reactor的写法感觉和epoll的普通写法，感觉差别就是reactor多了个回调函数，具体没啥优点？
epoll是针对io的管理。 reactor对针对事件的管理
不同的事件，针对不同的回调函数
性能上没啥差异，但提高了代码的复用性。具体需要自己慢慢体会体会，呜呜呜呜还有体会到，编程思想不过关。
限制是fd的限制，系统默认fd最多有1024个，按照一个连接一个fd的做法，那就需要百万个fd。这里有两种修改方法，一是使用ulimit -n命令，这个命令重启就失效；二是修改/etc/security/limits.conf文件，这是永久有效的，重启或sysctl -p生效。
* hard nofile 1048576
* soft nofile 1048576
hard是硬限制，不能超过该值，soft是软限制，可以超过，超过后就开始回收。
这个文件里还有一些其他的参数可以了解一下，fs.file_max是fd可取到的最大值，注意与fd最大个数区分。
突破这两个限制后，还会遇到一个问题，客户端会报错：connection timedout。连接超时，即是客户端未收到服务器对客户端connect()的回应包。这里有两种可能，客户端为收到服务器的包或是服务器未收到客户端的connect包。事实上，是因为系统有个防火墙iotables，这个防火墙是基于网卡和协议栈之间的过滤机制netfilter实现的。netfilter当连接数到达一定程度时，会不允许再向外发送connect包。修改也是通过/etc/security/limits.conf文件
net.nf_conntrack_max=1048576
突破这些限制，就可以实现百万并发了。
这里再介绍/etc/security/limits.conf中几个参数
net.ipv4.tcp_mem=262144 524288 786432是所有TCP协议栈所占空间的大小，单位是页（4KB）。介绍一下后面写的三个值，当所占空间大小超过第二个值时，系统会进行优化，此时如果占用空间降到第一个值以下，不再优化，第三个值是上限，不允许分配超过比大小的空间。
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem=2048 2048 4096是每个socket对应的写缓冲区大小，三个值分别是最小值、默认值、最大值，单位是B。
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem=2048 2048 4096是每个socket对应的读缓冲区大小，三个值分别是最小值、默认值、最大值，单位是B。
做百万并发时，如果内存不大，可以相应调小。在实际应用中，如果传输大文件，调大；如果传输的都是字符，调小，就可以接收更多fd。
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