C语言结构体成员赋值的深拷贝与浅拷贝详解

浅拷贝

结构体中不存在指针成员变量时

结构体中存在指针成员变量时

深拷贝

结论

浅拷贝

C语言中的浅拷贝是指在拷贝过程中，对于指针型成员变量只拷贝指针本身，而不拷贝指针所指向的目标，它按字节复制的。我们分几种情况举例子来看一下。

结构体中不存在指针成员变量时

代码如下：

#include <stdio.h>
typedef struct {
    char name[64];
    int age;
}Member;
int main(){
    Member stu1 = { "LiMing", 18 };
    Member stu2;
    stu2 = stu1;
    printf("%s,%d\n", stu2.name, stu2.age);
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

运行如下：

结构体中存在指针成员变量时

代码如下：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef struct {
 char *name;
 int age;
}Member;
int main() {
 Member Member1, Member2;
 Member1.name = malloc(sizeof(char) * 64);
 if (NULL == Member1.name)
 {
  printf("malloc failed\n");
 }
 memset(Member1.name, 0, 64);
 //strcpy(Member1.name, "LiMing");
 snprintf(Member1.name, 64, "LiMing");
 Member1.age = 18;
 Member2 = Member1;/*拷贝*/
 snprintf(Member2.name, 64, "LiXiaoYao");
 Member2.age = 29;
 printf("%s, %d\n", Member1.name, Member1.age);
 if (NULL != Member1.name) {
  free(Member1.name);
  Member1.name = NULL;
 }
 system("pause");
 return 0;
}

运行如下：

从中我们看到，改变Member2的值，Member1的值也改变了，这说明一片空间被两个不同的子对象共享了，改变一个对象的值另外一个也会随之改变。

我们改变Member2写法，申请内存的代码如下：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef struct {
 char *name;
 int age;
}Member;
int main() {
 Member Member1;
 Member1.name = malloc(sizeof(char) * 64);
 if (NULL == Member1.name)
 {
  printf("malloc failed\n");
 }
 memset(Member1.name, 0, 64);
 //strcpy(Member1.name, "LiMing");
 snprintf(Member1.name, 64, "LiMing");
 Member1.age = 18;
  Member Member2;
 Member2.name = malloc(sizeof(char) * 64);
 if (NULL == Member2.name)
 {
  printf("malloc failed\n");
 }
 memset(Member2.name, 0, 64);
 //strcpy(Member2.name, "LiMing");
 snprintf(Member2.name, 64, "LiXiaoYao");
 Member2.age = 29;
 Member1 = Member2;
 printf("%s, %d\n", Member2.name, Member2.age);
 if (NULL != Member1.name) {
  free(Member1.name);
  Member1.name = NULL;
 }
 if (NULL != Member2.name) {
  free(Member2.name);
  Member2.name = NULL;
 }
 system("pause");
 return 0;
}

运行如下：

从中我们看到，当数据成员中有指针时，两个类中的两个指针将指向同一个地址，当对象快结束时，会调用两次free函数，此时Member2已经是野指针（图中有X的错误标志），这个野指针指向的内存空间已经被释放掉，再次释放会报异常错误，要解决这个问题就要涉及到深拷贝了。

深拷贝

深拷贝除了拷贝其成员本身的值之外，还拷贝成员指向的动态内存区域内容，深拷贝会在堆内存中另外申请空间来储存数据。

解决的思路是在释放掉被赋值指针变量的旧指向内存时，重新对其开辟新内存，这种情况下两个结构体中指针地址不同，但是指向的内容是一致的。代码如下：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef struct {
 char *name;
 int age;
}Member;
int main() {
 Member Member1;
 Member1.name = malloc(sizeof(char) * 64);
 if (NULL == Member1.name)
 {
  printf("malloc failed\n");
 }
 memset(Member1.name, 0, 64);
 //strcpy(Member1.name, "LiMing");
 snprintf(Member1.name, 64, "LiMing");
 Member1.age = 18;
  Member Member2;
 Member2.name = malloc(sizeof(char) * 64);
 if (NULL == Member2.name)
 {
  printf("malloc failed\n");
 }
 memset(Member2.name, 0, 64);
 //strcpy(Member2.name, "LiMing");
 snprintf(Member2.name, 64, "LiXiaoYao");
 Member2.age = 29;
 if (Member1.name != NULL) {
  free(Member1.name);
  Member1.name = NULL;
 }
 Member1.name = malloc(strlen(Member2.name) + 1);
 strcpy(Member1.name, Member2.name);
 printf("%s, %d\n", Member1.name, Member1.age);
 if (NULL != Member1.name) {
  free(Member1.name);
  Member1.name = NULL;
 }
 if (NULL != Member2.name) {
  free(Member2.name);
  Member2.name = NULL;
 }
 system("pause");
 return 0;
}

运行如下：